• Alluvial made from mineral deposits left by running water. Mix of clay, silt, sand, gravel. Rich in organic material that makes it fertile.
  Wine Regions: Napa Valley (Rutherford, Yountville).
• Calcareous high in fossilized shells
• Chalk
• Granite
• Jory
• Limestone
• Loam is a warm mix of sand, silt and clay. Sometimes too fertile for quality winemaking.
  Wine Regions: Barossa Valley.
• Marl
• Sandstone
• Schist
• Shale
• Silt is finer than sand. In lower Austria it is called Loess, a type of wind-blown silt made of silica.
  Wine Regions: Lower Austria (Grüner Veltliner).
• Tufa
• Volcanic made from cooling and solidification of magma (lava). Drains well, retains heat, high in iron (red or black earth). Can impart ashy or rusty taste.
  Wine Regions: Sicily, Canary Islands.